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虽然缩表或已被市场price-in,但央行作为大买家的离场,已经在美债市场掀起“惊涛骇浪”,尤其是被称为“资产定价之锚”的10年期美债收益率,可谓是牵一发而动全身。 & Y6 R6 ?6 g7 |( ?) i5 ^# V
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在美联储大手笔加息的同一天,货币紧缩的另一个“利器”——缩表也拉开了序幕。 # ~, [; X& s% t8 W# B$ I# X
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周三,美联储停止对150亿美元到期国债进行再投资,这是疫情初期美联储启动债券购买计划以来首次这么做。 * N7 c+ {" i, f# A6 I# d
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上个月,美联储宣布将从6月1日开始缩表,每月拟减持475亿美元资产,三个月后增加到950亿美元。
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( k4 {4 v* F* s- d2 o其中,美债缩减上限最初为每月 300 亿美元,9月增加到每月 600 亿美元;机构债券和机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)缩减上限最初将为每月 175 亿美元,9月增加到每月 350 亿美元。
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本次缩表是以“被动”方式进行的,即到期不续做,资产自动被赎回,而非主动卖出。在具体操作上,当到期资产低于美联社设置的缩减上限时,那么当月到期赎回的本金不安排再投资,只有到期规模大于上限的部分才会被进行再投资。
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4 V O9 H( R- b1 x0 }4 n' U8 U尽管如此,美联储这轮缩表也比2017-2019年那次更加激进,当时缩表是在美联储首次加息近两年后才开始的,而这一次美联储是加息和缩表双管齐下。 " N3 n& N' x# e
/ P/ G! V2 X$ n! s. C3 y此外,由于本轮扩表速度和规模更大,那么相应地缩表的节奏也更快。上轮美联储共开展三轮QE,历时近6年扩表3.5万亿美元;本轮扩表两年半增加5.14万亿美元。 4 |- c H) A/ n% r+ ? Z
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缩表影响究竟有多大?
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! d+ d8 M/ @. z! G1 o在美联储本月早些时候发表的一篇论文中,研究人员预计,未来几年将资产负债表规模减少约2.5万亿美元,这“大致相当于”将联邦基金利率“持续”提高0.5个多百分点。 6 y2 B" z$ j) `; ^* t
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然而,他们也警告称,这一估计存在相当大的不确定性。摩根士丹利近日也在报告中指出,量化宽松(QE)和量化紧缩(QT)对各类金融资产的影响“有限且不确定”。 5 z9 U& C5 I7 U p+ T6 E9 V1 Z
4 r6 W w3 m6 _4 n; O! U$ [' s9 c' W美联储理事沃勒(Christopher Waller)此前曾表示,美联储收缩资产负债表的计划相当于加息“两次”,每次加息25个基点,而美联储副主席布雷纳德(Lael Brainard)今年4月表示,整个过程可能相当于“再加息两到三次”。
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不过也有观点认为,缩表预期早已落地,影响有限。法国兴业银行的Solomon Tadesse就指出,只有计划的宣布才会产生影响,而不是实际的实施。 3 L1 U5 e ]1 L% t. N2 f- e% W# @
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大买家离场,债市更加动荡
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虽然缩表或许已经被市场price-in,但大买家的离场,已经在美债市场掀起“惊涛骇浪”,尤其是被称为“资产定价之锚”的10年期美债收益率,可谓是牵一发而动全身。 . y4 R& m9 y1 S" ~
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近期,美国国债市场市场陷入“异常”:债券收益率剧烈波动,市场流动性则在快速萎靡。10年期美国国债的收益率周一单日跳涨28个基点。这种超4个标准差的剧烈波动在过去100年只出现过一次。2年期美国国债收益率的波动更大,波动超35个基点。 * V, M Q4 P5 T7 @% E3 Q
" P& C$ x9 |" F! j伴随着收益率的大幅波动,美债买卖价差已经飙升,市场流动性正在快速萎缩。摩根士丹利警告称,一些较短期的美国国债流动性甚至比2020年3月时还要糟糕。而与2020年不同的是,现在没有央行作为后盾进行托底。
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贝莱德固定收益部门首席投资官Rick Rieder对媒体表示,两年来美联储一直是一个大买家,对稳定市场发挥着重要影响,“失去这些,加上围绕通胀和增长的不确定性,意味着利率市场的波动性将很高,远高于我们过去几年所看到的水平。” 6 N6 a- c! l$ H* `- z# x/ B
: y& P1 a1 p0 S1 T* Y8 @我会持续更新我看好的项目或者是看好的板块市场最新消息, 大家感兴趣可以点个关注获取最新币圈资讯。 来源:金色财经 |
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