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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。 + I9 n8 t/ {" o
从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
: C+ L% V% M; a5 ]; t01 Z8 q5 j# x( d; D v, B6 l
stETH不会是下一个UST + S" m3 q0 P0 |& e5 s3 ?$ } h/ G
stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
+ v8 E& ?6 @% J4 b3 w! w; u当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。 ( @& S" |5 p0 b$ b g E
02
) M/ `" k% D, [3 N% f7 AstETH不是GBTC
& `- W2 \& B5 g% V6 w; |* [stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 ; m7 F" i8 a( m3 F0 R5 k# m
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。
; r. Z6 B* {/ E8 X* Y4 e/ H03 9 R! W0 h& h' Y& J- X# z% s6 v
stETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
# }* d: J* F" ^, e" \- a* E: SstETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。
. R; ]6 \9 p1 f* r现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。
9 W u, Y" q0 ?: G/ i' f2 `8 q04
. U( m, N- M9 O! wstETH存在套利机会
* U5 \4 X& j5 i" X一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。 * k( E- v4 Y9 q, k( i! \
因为其中存在套利:
* ?+ g; I9 ^, ?$ _4 d9 R如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。
/ H' ]; T8 k& [+ R, M" H当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: 3 R8 I! T0 J. A) L" o
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。
$ V9 s0 x+ r( A' A, o% ]05
O9 ~2 E. J( ^! w6 |即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月
. P1 R W% B( V( c U需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。
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影响stETH价格的四大因素 ; {0 d( r" H4 g5 Q
有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
9 o9 k) `; @8 I8 g流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险 . G3 D, w8 x7 J2 w
07 4 y" a4 e4 D/ B' f
引发stETH清算的原因 7 `' I: E8 O1 Z" q4 a; h# @( S v
杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。 1 }! M- L0 I- u0 K E
前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。
4 {, q9 n) S; U' X6 M因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。
0 |& F& F- W! g$ {6 h* H/ u
" E! n! h; P m. _# j0 ?0 N) ?Celsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
9 F( ~4 X( O5 {+ u所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。
1 z* j: z& @/ e* B/ J$ Y4 D0 u$ Q根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。
( Z2 Q- [* x6 g例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。 6 B1 c% C, f) x
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3-5%的负溢价是正常的
% s% Q, j5 E [5 T那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险? 3 f1 {6 G- O$ q+ i; z0 ^- s
不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。
# Y1 W2 W& v( @9 o( X$ n9 e5 Z, a2 }我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。 3 |9 U( O' i* f/ h4 b
来源:金色财经 |
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