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天朝博弈史0 S! o, l! B9 a. V+ n$ p" b7 c/ p8 d
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
2 H7 M- F4 x, g! s" I* ~许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ( A# _1 V1 S( ~& w# I2 e4 H# g" j
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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( d1 h5 S) d6 m% \) }: F& u) H→春秋战国" E# L$ O5 z- [ e1 f
& Y1 ]; l; j! @+ U0 ^4 M1 s《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 # o; k& X! \# M: j# v& {6 J
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
1 P3 w6 V1 X$ g1 K& b0 f《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
( ]2 P3 P$ @. K/ f) v/ N《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。* m1 f1 h! u. Y/ R, A: |! R6 O
6 d2 w: E. z1 F《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 " @6 \& z2 I7 I
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→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛: G8 J$ G2 P7 ?, y
5 q/ u& K+ D& W7 R9 E→! e& K! h; u4 h% b4 ~+ j
9 n, E! n! e, W( [晋朝4 F# g% C0 K' w k7 I6 Y9 C
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” & e0 f: r& ~" M- {" l! Z; \; b
→
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( ?: U, e0 M5 _. W: n唐朝0 u' ?& N6 `) B" n0 J
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →$ g8 \ C) Z5 }
/ M7 _( H: R) e0 c# l7 F+ b7 C宋朝 X7 o2 g9 [7 ^& F6 w. J
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 2 o X3 e; p3 A1 {
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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% U! k2 o1 ?* A《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金& Y: k2 ^" i0 l
4 \0 Y6 ?# x# h. M" g a- H9 R6 y辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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& T8 b [" D+ g0 J5 T) e明朝
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3 p& ?, m9 R) V2 A h! D# n4 m K明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。! _" B6 c3 ?3 B5 t& x7 B8 Y# y
8 s# F, t: `, X→
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: C! |5 e" r& T: j5 d* a( C' I清朝* B% J; n2 ^7 v7 ?
# r7 [4 W: o2 c
《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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' p* [5 f, b% z- E9 l/ f) B康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。( E+ ? j/ R$ k! ^/ u
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
$ j& c0 ~8 f* t; ~1 y4 E/ `; B咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。" R. |1 [9 y. y! g
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 : E3 g3 ~" D, \6 P
) z/ C0 W" Y, O同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 , [ Z2 n+ R/ V
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。, u" c" R0 n" ], ^: j E% s
% V6 _) ~: V+ g/ ^& z$ T+ u+ \张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 * ^' L4 D. k1 Q/ F0 F
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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) ~" J" q7 j1 [2 @! o6 R5 g光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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8 s+ w% s# r" T: Z鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
; ~+ M1 f" ^3 y" U) f: ^9 f4 W1 g$ `/ ]1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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