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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 7 x" [8 o& u7 T: s. j/ v
) p0 _! f5 [: \$ @天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
1 d/ r5 ]1 ` }7 D; m3 K6 S许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ; A8 J; r$ y; x- V% f& g! n
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 8 j: A4 Z4 R( |1 j* n
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→春秋战国
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- i' q, V2 p {0 I0 ^1 p《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
, b$ [6 x9 G/ \8 }, F《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
: N$ e7 t4 n. k8 t《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” / P% \ f, n9 q. p6 \: x% g
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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7 o+ i* Q; y# k《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝0 q/ a$ |% @" G" x- a
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8 v+ p R2 i2 x4 W, K" z4 H k @汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛: a: `$ s8 a: M0 t) A! h2 r/ I
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, L) H. {% c9 ~7 B% l8 P晋朝
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+ v8 A5 ~4 c$ {$ s! e东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ! ~/ B" }. U- P, T0 c b' L* B7 P
→
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唐朝6 r, t. v# ^3 B% W, W9 J6 m4 ~
& V% T) N8 E# d& |+ _唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →: G; T% A! k. p0 q$ r0 K
_5 D) ?3 c; h) z/ f2 J宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 : p, f6 w" x6 E" Y1 e3 `
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。% Z8 {* U/ H1 K, F; p0 j2 m1 }
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”. E c! w/ d; a G- `
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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* Z# X' T3 V9 i8 W/ R# L. X明朝% q& u' }% o) L0 w* {" @- g& u
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。! k- h c% K& F) Q6 B
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清朝7 p8 \" u! M$ S+ T
3 o0 [) j# f8 ?% J5 i- ^《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ' Q, B! O) }, F& D
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 # u9 U, a# u* ] _2 |9 S1 R+ }
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。2 p) M" Q6 O. w: Y5 r# F) B
0 X! Q' ]- X0 c8 e1 B+ A清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
4 ?! z5 |2 g3 f7 a! G咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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( \0 L6 D0 } J. V- H1 ^6 E. f1 N洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + [) b6 K2 Q5 i% i8 |+ Y8 t
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 % A# z8 y) I2 o. A8 n
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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' b Z4 f2 q$ t/ d蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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n; ]! Y% y( j# |+ g1 ^( U+ S9 @" U5 C6 n张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
6 N0 P: K9 x& E: v吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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% G. N1 F5 T9 c光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 2 h, |/ y7 ]( \1 J
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 8 z6 ~6 D% X8 N* X! }, k0 d U
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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