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天朝博弈史
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0 h8 G4 ` E4 f1 p, ~博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
5 W, t$ Q+ [5 J: h' W8 R许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! X- j+ v( {$ h; Z# Z
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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* N. ^6 V% q3 t3 z2 {6 h→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 3 m- P1 W& I8 W( x* C$ D0 q; A
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 & o# I# B: |$ k [1 A5 g' v0 c
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
! f# k$ ~/ Q/ u$ o. l: A0 ^7 j: J《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。3 j0 D& l+ L5 j: z- ?* \
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 % a5 ~9 }# O- y# r& l7 ` X
- T) R9 P% H3 N9 s# _→汉朝2 M" F. t3 Z c9 {6 J" Y$ i; w7 s
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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$ d4 I: {, Z: t; r8 H晋朝
2 `) j7 d) t+ t$ x" q0 y y; O. ?7 x, O A" z
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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* h& H8 e1 A& M# }2 l( |$ }唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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" d& ]( p+ P1 n8 {! s宋朝5 B$ h( _' _3 X P J
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
, f2 \3 l4 ?/ {" \5 N: D* O, x苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。# a0 W7 ^+ }/ W3 ]5 S% t: Z: l/ w+ G
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”0 A& w5 ~' R& I0 y- Y3 r, R
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+ W' Q) L# P5 B1 {辽、金) B$ n; C; I5 j+ g9 a
/ p0 V! R( j6 w7 c6 ?辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”* @0 C2 i2 F) V1 b( S" e
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→
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9 V# A% q% U7 K明朝8 K4 l" ~- |& G8 Z
7 Y& Z& T% |5 `& q0 G明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。$ A* G2 S b" C9 Q7 D
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5 J4 ^; v" J: b& _. u \清朝; T! f( L' t% M, W1 k
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ; G5 O) j$ Z1 l8 h6 z9 c# P% V: m9 S& ~/ y
+ J$ _" I6 v+ t9 k3 V4 J康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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& c* P; H7 [: j* H- y, E雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# d+ D. n/ z" j5 n; B4 {( v' X9 G$ n+ P
1 b" p P8 D$ J$ D清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
$ w* c2 G! T) E2 V$ v1 o咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 1 ~2 p0 }: ~4 @* `1 x
( N9 e( q: k3 A( }汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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& z+ t0 c% w0 F6 V3 v蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。' K1 \) N- F+ D- T/ o6 O" S( s9 _
8 |$ \8 x9 Q( v* A张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 9 ^# n3 ~. z4 x3 @4 a
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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$ }! }5 n5 [5 l光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” $ A% S& C0 G e0 o
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3 ]6 Z5 b# ^1 m% }; W6 ^) C" \; Y鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
: u7 o. c4 z' h3 J7 m5 T3 L1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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