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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ?3 L: h5 T' r- T3 h0 V
# L6 t& q; e4 {0 u. h, Q天朝博弈史, Y( M' a& l+ K, j8 C: G8 U
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
9 M9 ~! k2 ^; y许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” / J( H% F/ {- a
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
( x' ?: R% c! Q& N- n2 V6 [$ [0 d$ d2 v7 S# Q6 q5 t
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→春秋战国
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' n9 R! Y4 e! u《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# s( N! s4 c T* D《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
- W3 T7 J, [& z! O( P《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” # Q; J( N+ n- k
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。3 H, X1 T( b6 `6 B
5 U# _6 z$ S! E0 K4 ^- g《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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9 F3 y8 t( `; i7 o% c- E→汉朝, _3 O- J8 I! h
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. O) [3 V4 m+ n: {1 x汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛6 d# I. [$ f9 w' j5 |
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→
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2 _8 b, e- z% R1 }晋朝
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% L' g1 i5 C( L' d2 i! i% x! ]东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” $ s6 ?1 |9 p3 Q# b/ P
→
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: V0 O9 r! i+ z5 L8 O$ ]唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →, k/ U8 n& Y' `& T
8 r5 d/ d. c' e/ f c" h宋朝" w# @1 A5 \# W. M) }
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 3 X- l/ _% D0 Z6 B' l& l
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。' f8 Y. o; E6 N( U
. C4 Y# l' U9 K. p6 R《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”! }, V( F0 b& r7 w7 c" G
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5 d. n0 [) I) w- s+ Y辽、金$ G V2 N7 Z; h
! Y& x* Z* [5 r辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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$ q5 m2 c! k- j( V( z0 A明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。* H& E' a! g" i* S; `) `
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→8 @( N Z( ~; K$ l
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0 L: c+ E/ Y' P/ a% t清朝8 l4 C8 y6 p0 I; }
* R C8 `/ J" b. I; e" T《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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: b- a" p/ v7 ]6 o( j康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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) \5 h& D" |5 W8 m, d7 C) d雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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" c& n5 {" e) G: F4 k' U清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 8 ]$ o! q8 l3 K, P
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 3 q6 C2 O5 @0 L3 m+ l5 R
7 C- ^7 o) S3 b" d: e9 j' z+ A汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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/ O* r d) q+ s同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 : Z) v0 s: F4 k7 U# G# n% X
+ o5 N7 ~& z* f- G+ o蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 % g- ^: x6 n/ L1 r( u8 V j
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”6 m1 V& y; n) U+ [- y: F7 G* w
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” : ^, F' |$ T+ j( X8 O
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
+ K" ~% B: ?4 ]1 [% V$ T7 e- P7 o" y1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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