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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 7 J2 L+ e- q/ `; j0 c+ l
3 R: i1 U; E U% O天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ( f: r& Q' U! b( V& M3 ] }
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! _+ U3 A! H/ w
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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* B- b; C- I- ]2 F; M. M→春秋战国 D& i& W# J5 M' d2 R
# B% }+ g6 f. q+ L" ]5 C《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# {6 {; n) s* W }《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 : h8 T" I1 Q' F( j# L& Y
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
, n P; @) Q- M; ^* B《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 c4 l# T/ S5 f7 W% F( c6 c" O
% w0 L0 ^% B: _: E6 k" b; H→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛- L8 y B7 E! i; A6 t% ^! n
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晋朝( k2 } I! p& M- w" o6 g1 b
5 @; E5 G7 g# ?; {东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” - i/ O- ^* A0 O. j' r
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唐朝7 y- ^# e1 j# @! N# N$ N* y
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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" S% H N4 C$ d2 T宋朝
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4 p4 n# p, m$ o, y( h北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 + M& D: d$ {) P" E* C! T Y3 X
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. Y3 C- l7 P4 r$ H) E0 m0 b1 [3 j
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。” t9 K, }5 `9 s. u& y
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辽、金3 x$ \- W! U! K5 x/ Q8 _$ c$ l! L
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”5 e7 N+ A- k9 c: Z8 {1 e% W
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明朝
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8 V& [* C3 O( h, J- Q: u明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。5 s; n/ n, ]6 Z; ~) l" u$ D! ~' _
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→
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清朝9 @. C1 Y* ]! d
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 - x8 }1 C" a8 M' P% s: w
! M: Y4 Q. g. A% o雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。7 C# }. o4 `. G, K' ~2 @
7 d( M" ]( F: v! f清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 0 s) o) P4 }7 }2 y" z2 a# `
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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, j; k- e+ F0 R9 P' C洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 # d/ n" e9 Z. L
. ~1 ^' P* U$ i7 C汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 + X" M! G6 q+ Y' W$ z4 l
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。% b$ y; R% D. `: l7 y; |3 s
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ! v* O) u: |8 V' o$ p4 O2 B
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 9 v/ ^ r7 p6 C: y1 j4 J
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$ h$ {$ f1 Z9 s中华民国
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2 @: O/ I! s6 W4 y# \) g. p S鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 I6 [6 z/ ]! B
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” * `* M( a7 J+ Q4 @9 y( y
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