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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。
$ I7 D0 x' e2 Y从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
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stETH不会是下一个UST & l0 V) o- b) R' `4 u4 e6 e
stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。 " F0 ^* Q# I5 ]; R% q. g' u
当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。
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stETH不是GBTC
6 K- _# V5 x/ l/ P6 cstETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 w0 Y1 p6 r9 H: n: F u! E
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。 $ h) p7 E- y$ k d
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stETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
' _ O% q, M5 r9 @stETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。 5 M* D7 j; f3 I$ M- Q
现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。 9 C; o0 v$ u' t, [- w2 S
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stETH存在套利机会 : P$ ]) E% m% f% L+ b. q d
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。 $ M3 z$ t0 S) S. ?- w. b- J- H
因为其中存在套利:
! p; i4 n, b6 ~1 L如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。
1 g# x6 R1 W" g* ~0 f当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: 4 Q0 D. A& }3 ^( W: b [+ \& D% ?) U
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。 $ R% J! L, \5 @, o9 c
05
2 A8 q/ y" |/ D: {8 i5 @) s即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月
( _9 d% t$ W) d$ d/ a0 M需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。
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6 N9 R1 R$ x. P) x" u1 B8 r/ ~' X) l影响stETH价格的四大因素
/ M, K8 `2 v* a3 Q3 x有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
3 v7 v3 F" ] c. u' s E* _( @' r- @流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险
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引发stETH清算的原因 3 I% e+ X! q3 z0 m9 H- `
杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
( w2 y% W! a* x4 w, z" h前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。 " F7 B5 _! p. t7 e. y8 r
因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。
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4 ^5 q' V! s7 G2 P3 A0 Z0 ^* _8 yCelsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
; x9 {7 A2 |1 f5 q* |所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。 ) y1 m5 M2 O5 Y1 b3 r) E% T
根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。 ! a- x4 Y: {& G, `
例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。
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& L% [3 a z. `* }3-5%的负溢价是正常的 3 a% `8 T; i. s! V+ u7 }
那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险?
: `, Q; l4 \3 V不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。
# l5 w y& G5 `( |. I我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。
! f9 H6 Y8 q; v8 H) n% C" S2 H来源:金色财经 |
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