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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 7 c* p9 G! y- {0 j( G
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天朝博弈史
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6 ^0 s$ r* R9 Q0 q" s$ f1 T博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
! D& E0 z4 ]8 J许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
n' f. i* w1 l7 R1 | k1 Y5 s+ X《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
3 {1 f9 ?) e# |/ C8 z) q7 j! P8 E/ ]* B7 s$ J! d. G
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→春秋战国/ x/ M; K$ Z Q" S
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
1 j0 N9 Y2 z; `7 m! y《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 9 ^9 @& u0 \3 Q& V9 b
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ) ]0 e4 h$ E$ Y4 j+ \/ S; G" b% ~
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。( D! i# `$ B2 ]# q& s3 ]
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 3 l" o. d$ t$ v. S; s1 }
. j& p$ y+ c9 A: h( G7 X4 s→汉朝8 B5 B. q/ c0 x Y9 k% y
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+ M5 b4 {; Z3 L& }汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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0 n. T* c* X2 ~* a2 b东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ( R8 y$ @1 Y! a. @! |; x) Z/ L! M+ U- i
→) @3 q" k, H) J! n) K
* V v7 b! }( s% {8 g唐朝
: v ]& [+ [ v7 p/ `5 ^8 U& r3 C: s. v( g. Z# a- R L
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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$ I" d# o {) J W北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 1 P- J- i9 O" W, x
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。: B2 E. {( S! Z* S n; T
# p! p( S5 X" ?0 C/ p《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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+ Z1 I. Z+ @' V9 `辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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6 k! J3 i( U! I明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。" D% t! b+ O0 x1 o
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→
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6 V9 G2 } Z3 U清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 " i! }( Q7 M3 f# b. q
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ) T, q' W9 J8 D. b' `4 V
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# U9 V W9 V, H- y" f
$ K) \+ E- d% h% \' t清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” * l8 \+ x' o, B5 H) f
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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( F& x8 V( w. I4 q* O' L洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 / Y ] v( t. m. Y9 `1 `
! Z3 j* e3 L- S& |6 h) x汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 : w" m& T. q, [1 P
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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! W" I1 v2 T$ G! P$ O4 P张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 6 U ? Q/ X) H2 h
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”# w* L6 c: H6 g: n/ r: l) m
3 }5 O! D7 y: S0 i光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
7 q! s, @3 g& `. N: l0 i. I1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 2 ^; C [' a! `# U3 n4 _
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