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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 * ` s+ c1 A- }6 v9 J; n/ e
5 N/ R1 Y! ^/ V1 K' i天朝博弈史' N' t- C+ j0 R& W6 G0 U1 g$ ?" m
/ F2 M, s% `5 A8 B- J博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 & ~ Y& j, C) @9 ]; a+ w6 M! A0 R
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 7 [- H9 u' o2 F0 _5 {. ~$ x
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 $ W5 j5 i. M0 F8 F7 v6 g, a' [+ m3 ^
7 F6 y+ C* I" l# T! i2 T0 ^
& P$ X7 W3 i* G& U→春秋战国 f2 _9 E7 A6 V# A3 N8 u- H
0 z2 b. v# C* e8 g3 v6 i《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# j2 X& V q6 S3 [ `4 Q《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
# w; _/ [" ?- E: [( p. V8 a《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” " Z" I; s6 q8 Q0 u# [
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。4 o( b- m' V, S: e
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 9 M2 [. `, F/ T
6 Q) `+ q+ ~7 {0 c) q0 I
→汉朝: A( C: `0 A; |/ o# }. C% a
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛) P7 ]7 q! _& w' h2 `! g
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0 H2 w, c$ k" C, C2 K晋朝- P$ r0 H7 R/ Y" o6 T* m
1 V. z4 E0 {& u' N0 \' R东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝& K. X6 O' Q3 O j7 M2 h
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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; k; m2 R2 p9 i% q* u) o宋朝 J, O8 u* i' I
L) ~) o; x$ B0 [2 h7 J8 F m$ s$ W% V北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 9 a* f2 P5 L4 J! @
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。: @( \! o5 Q0 f/ ?
0 H. \4 P) d$ W2 E《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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' s& i3 w4 f% u2 l) f" D1 S+ a辽、金4 v" f3 I/ N& P0 `: T o( m# n
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”) x9 h: Y" l M! }' s& h9 P
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→
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( r9 b" D) L& t7 S2 F- m8 k明朝
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9 e/ o4 h/ o# r; R; B明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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% H+ F) A5 E9 z! o8 g5 ]清朝
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$ ^7 `0 _: l, }; v2 k4 y《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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* P2 \! D2 X- O+ m4 \& o$ b' x康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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* G0 ^/ p/ X- l! G雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 1 y% k& q# L: C& D( f9 z) Z
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。! a1 D# ^, y) A) Q+ M
" k1 K; @, h9 @8 n洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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b. ?) p& b( m$ t/ _. O: \汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 * }& D0 H7 ]! |" o
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 , m- |& U7 [/ ?8 b r
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ' w, h) o# M- I* y" T7 X& u
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。” V' v4 X3 X- f7 r% D
9 {: R! {3 {6 p9 M& N光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 0 B0 E( g+ x, ?* y, b
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, d. R9 ]; d$ ^% S+ b2 S' Y" r: S3 G鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
( ?+ b5 C" v. s6 y/ _1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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