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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 % {: V$ D7 K; g
t8 B6 `: V8 N, H* Y b: U天朝博弈史4 K: n% t" s2 b G) M
. z9 t; Q9 `2 f博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
) U; K. h0 j. i许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ' a9 r) j; Q) _9 M
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 - B, [9 ]1 b1 Y2 n& z
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
( m3 m+ S* I$ O3 S$ }8 k/ D( @《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
! g8 V) u0 ^% H# D& {: P' ^4 X《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
/ L+ d* m) E! C/ W《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
" A8 }5 J; t5 N2 F2 Z8 `. f 3 ~' \- G" V4 ]- N7 r/ S
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝$ P2 L- h- P" w3 ?
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛, I$ c8 @4 j* d& D" P) ?' l$ ]
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/ `# }1 q. F8 i* J: {晋朝4 L# S( T! u* ~1 ~4 p2 ~9 L- _9 L! z4 Z
2 J. z0 S/ H6 W9 v东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ) |, v0 Z M8 ~7 c% e6 o- _
→
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% W* m3 D( [9 F: a$ x8 z8 L' b唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝0 S' E! A" Z8 y8 y& l( X, B' s* R
s U) \& Z0 B' J& q北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ! Y$ M) e8 M+ W
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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8 |7 h; T; f0 K1 n* I《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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$ c b' Z& e4 R$ C' f→& R8 C7 F, b& N f/ s
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辽、金
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& f" ]& g3 R5 {# I4 t( k辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”% {( A$ s4 N S" M5 ]
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→/ w2 B5 _9 ^0 x, t" u$ m
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1 V w) K5 o% q2 v+ ]明朝
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! R0 d: o9 a+ Y# |6 @明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
4 D4 D! y. Y% z* q9 n
) y/ p: c6 z) Z& y7 j. S→
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清朝7 a) K8 ~ Y+ n/ @* r' F
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
5 ^8 Z" `6 Y# U; h' i7 S* p* g# u/ j5 F* X# H
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
$ t9 Z# c8 h- H( ^6 A, P( q9 D8 Y$ p5 |9 t: }! E3 V' n
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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) L$ E9 V9 _$ F% U! h清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
/ M. m, w( j" h; T咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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- z5 x3 y; |! _2 T' B+ e洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 , F: D! G# R# j1 L' U
( J8 T$ H# s7 a; U' n' ^0 L' [汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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4 q# q' g% K! I8 `" e% k( K0 y同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ( H7 ^( f. S* l5 Z. e! n
# S& m- j$ n |1 i, _) ?8 [蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。7 @6 p0 s. L/ p& D0 w
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
/ G0 b* ~5 a8 U, l- m吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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& b2 G4 ?" e+ \1 |. S光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ( E9 v0 ^2 t" p" U% N' e* ~
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中华民国8 C7 ?: R/ P, X" H
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
3 Q& _/ T5 I u9 y1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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