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天朝博弈史4 u7 a7 ]7 P& m l2 S- L/ `+ l
: b( m7 S' Q; m. }3 C- S" n博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
0 N3 B4 X" g1 y9 F: b+ x- }+ H5 v9 V许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
3 W. O" F6 B0 T! u) i6 E《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 7 _1 L' ?* O& F a( k# x
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0 i/ U# I. Z: ^' ~→春秋战国
# _, b+ V7 T5 z4 P# D/ H$ A1 u+ G# }" P/ Y% h/ V; x) N6 ?$ g/ Z
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 8 U8 G6 c5 Q7 D$ Q; s
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 + G% n: ^: P2 L
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
! M/ k2 u; c6 K2 O: O( z# r5 F《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
4 f) R6 h" {+ D+ ]- E4 L6 r4 m6 n
/ n3 ]' N) n0 g& E6 H8 g《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝: ]! v, S' G0 N( B8 m& ~- B* f
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2 S7 B* H% f K# g- a& b/ {5 Z, |" p
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→2 H: `# X7 a- d$ `! x
% n* W) M0 d0 a晋朝& y% B- `* f, W5 J
# Q- Q) Z5 h" M
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ! V2 N0 X% }- m% [* H
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唐朝
( y r! Y; I$ j7 u% u A, y: _* P8 [7 e* N- ~
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →7 y& W% p7 _; n( t
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宋朝
' i; I3 Q, a$ ~! \3 l& {- a; i2 W! E# S0 P8 L3 }& q) N8 I, c
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 % j0 h) `+ {4 f
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。4 ?2 `, E9 o. |2 H
" Q5 }* ]0 Y! U《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→
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" L% g9 K: J) k4 }辽、金
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% l& B5 C l9 J4 @3 @* g辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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+ f8 R3 S6 F$ g; ]明朝9 E! b& I9 I" {' \8 g3 b" z
0 \( {! ]) }) N7 W& y P
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。% }' K# ^. y( U u+ C4 ~
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清朝
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1 u1 n& l. Z, t《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 : k$ U+ L1 s7 C# e& g
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 2 y; p9 T. F4 j/ Y+ R5 ?# _/ ^ q
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
1 J F$ x; V! b7 G
% c) k8 P/ O& y* |9 ~清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” . R% F8 r8 ~# E' [6 n7 z5 D( D
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。! T! H; J+ ?% o a- S
4 |9 N+ f4 r) I" F T% }9 b7 x
洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 6 f! k& O- O3 l i! k
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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/ I- b$ R/ A* p& t/ N同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ! _, { j N5 m6 x5 k+ G3 F
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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8 E3 d! J- R% ]5 C& z4 M( q! Y张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
) d( C' C, p6 w吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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! C) P1 y) V* P% m5 K6 |光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” , @7 o5 S( g* p$ R* ]1 d
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* O0 q" p% q: p3 \2 |6 R" ~中华民国
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* w9 \- r" ^+ H9 |) l1 ?鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
# X. d% a( Y# R* m) [1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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