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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 # F. q4 D& S) O8 ~, f
: P) s7 c' z' T4 h天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( ^4 I$ \$ R, }许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
/ [) M/ z% S7 m: Y: o9 N《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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6 I7 F9 I: ?, c0 P9 l1 `→春秋战国& _) L% B4 E, L2 _" C4 [$ c8 _/ p
8 {* F1 Y$ S8 z9 c$ E# t# T+ P《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
' y* [5 k1 l) F9 l' r K2 b$ v《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
, D4 A) w6 N" C( b6 e+ ^5 a& F( C《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” & [+ I: C1 V( x/ e, u/ @, r
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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7 O# V% t, M+ z2 g& B( l# p2 v3 B) _《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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" q9 _& @) a% G# ?- f→汉朝
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# f9 p( \' m& n. U* c汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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. l4 o* O; ?3 ^: M+ f晋朝; I3 r+ |: x! X+ v4 A
/ D' {: E1 q0 V% ~东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” & z e' Y0 K( Q, t8 u2 [
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7 L: P0 q; ], m5 p' v唐朝
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+ u' S2 p* B$ ^9 b$ m. { A唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →: D- ~0 H3 L+ r) h, k. @: A
- {* i! [! e4 \) ?2 K宋朝' }5 }& s) [3 L, b5 { Z2 o: n5 |
* A$ x/ _- q0 X6 N北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 5 v" ^1 N/ V) t/ x( g5 @
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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5 m4 [/ g9 x1 z% J4 f《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ S! x7 L W+ E% k" M3 S5 ]9 P6 ]
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9 y' x8 z6 K4 k* X \辽、金& N9 Y+ t2 p8 b) ~
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”$ C* C- |/ ]/ D
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' u& ]3 z1 P7 p$ x明朝- K% G8 D' a& d, T
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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K, h* s7 Y' C! M' ^清朝0 d# j8 t$ ]% e- n6 J% [
5 T$ c8 b+ a1 \3 D《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 T; d. O5 f+ e: Z. h' \
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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- j1 H- o# w7 h" y! x清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” & }- K$ d* D+ D* ~3 X: {1 c( x
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。1 K3 s8 ?* E' D: q4 f% D. P2 _" t# h& Q
! h" Y; f" M! k. L& t% P洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 : p. R( I& C9 ]
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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/ Q% @: D3 R1 k7 j& f同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 - e; ]! b/ S6 N1 u: K
( m7 B4 T% { o" m蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。! O2 u9 S5 ]) H3 H% ^) L
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 : S+ V; A- g* {3 I0 W3 I# f
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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4 ]3 }) G* C" q光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” & Y. z) a: i! C" M/ h6 G7 h
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 5 c5 o8 d; H* M4 Z
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