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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 # P3 k( Y4 V, N' M$ |
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天朝博弈史) U3 u6 v' D; _# ?) B9 X
# l. w+ M7 c/ B$ d+ f5 [* i博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 : O8 ?0 t$ ~0 H/ ?5 t9 d, }
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
" a0 P" s. a3 H& f% Z1 z; [" z《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 1 g9 M; }3 j# ^4 G
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- ^$ U* Z; G+ R( o→春秋战国5 P3 j" U/ d+ x/ {' y) J
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
1 O# y N( _$ k; _《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 # ?2 V3 O& [: [0 i+ d
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” / Q) U- W' n4 J3 s8 _% I
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。" P3 p# l1 N! W ?
. P3 d* q0 i5 X% K/ w《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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2 i! B1 Z* a7 d5 d- l. }→汉朝1 Z5 f: w+ e' T4 L; K- N
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛/ {, @8 ?1 Q( L% ?7 L
3 s6 k; v& y e W/ W→$ e. p1 d$ p h( r& P# P* L3 G) S
& N2 ^* s, D& f _4 @5 h9 T. U晋朝
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/ u D# @& O# Z, }% ]! u d) Z东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →8 r/ y0 S+ d4 V4 ^) _% a- ]) i
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
4 _6 g2 T0 \, H, T$ e/ \/ p苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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( t) l/ W3 z+ c: n& N《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→
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& C# z5 `% s- g4 x5 j, B. r, A辽、金
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, C1 u4 t. Y1 ^) H% o/ i- q+ G0 E辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”9 }: g# U& M- M3 }6 K* R1 Q( S
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2 ]) g# O( X& l1 \/ A% k7 q' H明朝4 c1 ]& b; V4 n9 H
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 # T* E" r3 Q7 J3 J
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# I6 R* A4 F1 c8 o
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
8 S% M+ @' L6 B# @咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。# d2 V# v3 m) t: S9 Y; h7 L
! D* m7 |, f! {; I& U" e洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 . i4 P& Q2 E$ D; H1 ^3 m' }6 B
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。2 x) J# t- f9 x7 g* R4 i' o B
& }! }* H4 d! u( ~: b* |% t4 W张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 6 Q/ R: h) i/ Z, M# b
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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; A; n9 L/ M3 Z5 L" K5 G光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ! R: |. `9 B" `5 B+ u/ k
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
1 ~0 f6 o: c/ s9 C3 O' ]4 C0 s: f: X) ^1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” . J+ o k: Y" a: S- u( w
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