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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 8 @" c4 a/ P9 O) b3 m# B p7 E
; R* r. T7 }$ R' R+ Z天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 5 m0 R0 {& g; Z- q+ G
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
7 [2 D/ l7 f7 O7 O2 x《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 0 D# I: q) H/ a! O$ n6 ~% m
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9 @- r& \4 X1 [; N6 p; e6 {( K' b→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
2 [( v j, ` n# a9 r5 C* E《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
# ]' l( B: w; D《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
- L: t2 M9 h7 j/ Y8 S《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。5 j- } n2 O/ h" ]: h1 q g
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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1 k( @4 g( k5 h0 r" l→汉朝
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! o3 x: A e: y. \! I汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛1 b% L, T0 j1 L7 `2 J
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→ }8 `# N0 k3 z9 v8 ?; P
8 j7 U) n6 O2 l( b晋朝
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( g* S5 G p' ^+ O2 K) U8 E; v东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝: D& M7 C. {5 {$ o4 A* G5 Q
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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* l( d q: x) g: @& Y$ t宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ) j# U# [! V- R7 }7 @# S4 o
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
: ~( V' j4 K8 C6 h& W, | * Q0 C' p8 e# k7 K' b0 z) ~
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ N+ a, C0 P8 l; `6 a8 g9 ^
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/ R1 Z3 z9 L- H: y) e辽、金) r% U8 p# O! F( j8 U
# i2 v/ Q% {! s e! m$ _辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”6 @' ~7 p6 n/ D+ F5 m" h G
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→
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" {" q8 l% C6 W) \9 h明朝9 m' `1 b4 _- ^0 j" p/ m
0 H3 Y" ^( k4 x7 P( ~3 D2 D明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
9 m6 i. ^: ?% i% ]$ A. j$ z & E+ ?" k- t' t3 l1 i
→9 v) f+ u5 G5 z# ~" J& d; m
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清朝5 Z5 j$ H$ [1 m
P! b3 S/ K2 h7 O/ Q- h' f3 {+ _! {《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 9 z$ Q: @# m5 @. q8 l/ V
2 B, N |+ _2 K康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。( j) P( C* S" y9 H
( ^, @; e, b2 d3 E清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 9 m5 M4 r9 @# c1 [; w1 C
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。0 `; K* |7 z# Q8 S/ W3 u$ d1 G
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 : h( L- J4 Y0 Q; a6 n
* n& V+ O. k8 Q9 }; F9 Q汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 5 Y' ~$ G. }; M" |0 u. m9 j
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。/ W9 S. Q1 Q( F. S0 F9 P1 R" v
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
3 f/ @# f7 m0 w8 z" d. O6 q; t' o* g2 Z0 t吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
: u" ]" Z( B- J6 X1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 5 A t/ L5 r# _6 `! Z4 I4 l
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