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以太坊协议层的七年之变、到底是什么？
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什么是以太坊？一千个人有一千个答案，而本文想探讨的是最为一致的答案，即以太坊的协议是什么？或用更技术地描述——如果要开发以太坊的客户端(PoW链/ETH1)，我需要依照什么规则？
你没法找到一份规范描述以太坊当前的共识规则，因为以太坊的协议是通过增量更新来描述的。以太坊黄皮书描述了创世时的完整协议，而每一次协议变更都称为一次硬分叉(当然，也有人尝试用「网络升级」这个表述)，需要所有的客户端更新代码。简而言之，以太坊通过硬分叉来实现协议层的变化，变化的最小单元被称为以太坊改进提案(EIP, Ethereum Improvement Proposal)，一次硬分叉包含一组以太坊改进提案。 本文将回顾以太坊的历次硬分叉及其中包含的改进提案，试图展现过去的七年中以太坊究竟做了什么。
历次硬分叉介绍
以太坊的历次硬分叉自 2015 年 7 月30日上线起，共进行了 14 次硬分叉，包含 39 个 EIP（「君士坦丁堡」和「彼得堡」视为同一次）。间隔最近的两次硬分叉是 26 天，间隔最远的两次则是 490 天。
硬分叉是如何达成共识的呢？尽管关于硬分叉的协商并无成文规定，而是依照某种社区管理进行，但其流程发生过一次变更，标志性事件是 Martin Holst Swende 提出了「以 EIP 为中心的升级」。这种新的硬分叉协商机制首次在 Berlin 升级使用，并避免了一次大型失误，细节将在后文中介绍。
代表性硬分叉解读
历次硬分叉背后蕴含着一些代表性事件，颇具戏剧性，包括 DAO 分叉、上海 DOS、双堡奇缘和拆弹危机。
DAO 分叉
DAO 分叉事件是以太坊发展过程中最为深远的一次事件。由于 the DAO 的智能合约被黑客攻击，约 360 万 ether 被黑客盗走，但有 28 天的冻结时间。在这期间，借助 Carbonvote ，持币者表达意愿，以太坊基金会决定将这部分资金转移到新的智能合约，允许投资者提款。此次分叉产生了 Ethereum Classic，也引发了大量的社会争论。
拆弹危机
为什么 Muir Glacier 和 Istanbul 两次硬分叉之间只有 26 天，这是因为核心开发者们错误计算了难度炸弹的爆炸时间，导致在 Istanbul 中未纳入推迟难度炸弹的提案。等到发现难度炸弹即将要对网络产生影响时，第 76 次核心开发者会议迅速接受了 EIP-2384，并纳入到 Muir Glacier 硬分叉中。
硬分叉决策流程变更
硬分叉是如何决定的？实际上以太坊长期缺少成文文档，更多依赖「社会共识」EIP-233 试图规范分叉的正式流程，但并未被接受。
尽管本文无法展现以太坊社区对硬分叉决策流程的讨论，但以太坊的硬分叉决定流程显然发生过变化。在 Berlin 硬分叉之前，开发者首先确定硬分叉的时间，再决定要纳入哪些 EIP，确定之后再进行实现和测试。Berlin 前的每次硬分叉都是一个 Meta EIP，例如 Istanbul 硬分叉通过 |
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