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以太坊合并最后一步、这是你需要了解的一切 !
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为这篇文章添加书签，为即将到来的以太坊合并做准备——你会找到你需要知道的一切。
理解“合并”的重要背景
为了充分理解“合并”是什么，让我们介绍一些重要的关键概念。
共识机制
以太坊网络在分布在全球各地的节点上运行。当数据实时变化时，所有这些节点如何就数据状态（如账户余额和交易顺序）达成一致？谁可以将新块添加到链中？以太坊和比特币一样，目前使用的是“工作量证明”共识机制。在 PoW 系统中，矿工花费大量精力来验证交易并用它们构建区块；这个过程使链条免受攻击或欺诈。
为了让任何人向区块链添加新的交易块，他们必须出示有效的工作证明。
注意到所有那些前导 0 了吗？矿工必须做大量工作才能找到这些多前导 0 输出。
以太坊+权益证明
以太坊的设计目的只是暂时使用工作量证明：创建者总是计划切换到权益证明。鉴于工作量证明作为比特币共识模型的无可争议的成功，以太坊能够开始使用 PoW 机制，而权益证明以太坊的复杂设计可以完全构建，并计划在时机成熟，系统已经过全面研究、排除故障并准备就绪。
要成为以太坊验证者，您必须质押 32 美元 ETH（以太坊网络原生代币）并在高互联网正常运行时间的机器（甚至是笔记本电脑！）上运行以太坊客户端。通过这样做，您向网络发出信号，您将诚实地验证和创建区块。为什么？因为这样做符合你自己的最大利益。如果你不诚实，你将失去验证者的奖励，甚至可能开始失去你的股份——甚至代币本身的价值也会下降，这意味着你最终会攻击自己。
附带说明，如果您没有 32ETH，您仍然可以通过几个选项参与验证网络：池化质押（包括 Lido 等流动质押解决方案）、在中心化交易所质押，最后运行一个不提议区块的节点，但仍然通过侦听新块来验证它们来支持网络。
就像在工作量证明中一样，如果矿工不诚实并试图提交一个以任何方式违反规则的区块（双花交易、无效交易等），矿工将失去他们本可以获得的任何潜在奖励只要诚实；网络的其余部分将简单地忽略不诚实的矿工，因为他违反了共识规则。同样，试图以任何方式违反规则的验证者不仅会被忽略，而且会被“削减”，这意味着部分股权将作为对不诚实行为的惩罚。
了解以太坊 PoS 与以太坊 PoW 的概念
1.成功解决目标难度散列难题的人将 PoW 中的一个块添加到链中。PoS 中的一个块通过选择一个随机验证者节点来提议一个块而被添加到链中。然后随机选择第二组验证器来验证该验证器的提议块。
2.以太坊 PoW 有“矿工”负责区块验证+添加。以太坊 PoS 有“验者”负责区块验证+添加。矿工通过找到有效的目标哈希解决方案获得奖励，验证者通过随机选择构建一个块来获得奖励。
添加区块时，以太坊 PoS 不需要高能耗，而以太坊 PoW 需要极高的能源消耗才能快速执行哈希计算。估计 PoS 的能量需求比 PoW 低约 99.95%。
3.PoW 的风险资本是一个人的时间、硬件和电力。PoS 的风险资本是一个人的时间 + 他们的 32 ETH。鉴于博弈论的设计，诚实的演员比不诚实的演员获得更多。
4.PoW 块的速率由网络难度决定，通常会针对特定时间进行微调 |
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