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DAOrayaki ｜贡献者和律师的Web3指南：充分去中心化
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原文作者: Marc Boiron
创作者：Hahaho
审核者：DAoctor
原文: Sufficient Decentralization A Playbook for web3 Builders and Lawyers
介绍
自从美国证券交易委员会（SEC）在2018年提出了有关“充分去中心化”的概念，Web3建设者们就一直对相关内容保持着关注。同时这一过程也促使建设者将加密工作的分配对象，从原本的中心化公司转向了有着共同目标的去中心化社区成员。
由于区块链是一项新兴技术，所以现阶段大多数证券法的相关建议都侧重于Web3技术堆栈的去中心化，而忽略了社区贡献者“链下活动”的去中心化。这些链下活动包括：协议或软件的开发与完善，相关业务的策展、营销等。
同时这些链下活动难以像链上活动一样通过智能合约自动进行，并且有形成“官僚主义”的风险，因此为了实现更“充分且均衡”的去中心化，社区必须思考如何开展链上链下的活动。
本文适用于
(1) 遵守美国证券法，希望将链下活动有效去中心化的Web3创始人
(2) 为这些创始人提供建议的Web3律师。
本文内容包含了：“充分去中心化”的含义、它如何影响链下活动、致使DAO中心化的常见错误、以及要想实现“充分去中心化”，该如何有效的组建社区。
尽管本文提供了相关建议，但不代表这些建设是唯一方式：充分去中心化不存在单一范式，也没有所谓“完美”的达成方式。现阶段的公司和社区有会采取一些相应手段，从监管角度看，这些方法足够保守但效率低下。
入门：投资合同（Investment contracts）
在美国，发行人发行证券前必须先向SEC注册，且必须披露有关业务、市场和证券发行的信息。这些披露可以更好的帮助投资者权衡投资行为，还可以遏制一定程度上的“内幕交易”，营造一个公平的“竞争环境”。
比如“投资合同”就是一种证券类型，而为了确定某一合同，计划或交易的属性是否属于投资合同，美国法院的主要依据是“豪威测试”（Howey test），它源于1946年SEC诉豪威公司一案。
最终定义投资合同是
（1）涉及金钱投资，即以现金作为对价形式提供资金
（2）对公共项目的投资（Common |
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