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你愿意公开你的钱包地址并且让所有人都知道你有多少钱吗？你愿意让所有人知道你的投资偏好、每笔支出吗？我想很多人是不愿意的。要实现这些数据的隐私保护，就需要用隐私协议。 1 P B1 b* B$ z6 [4 l4 P4 g
市场上一直有以隐私为卖点的数字货币，包括DASH、XMR、Zcash、Grin、Rose（Oasis Network）、FRA（Findora）、PHA（Phala network）、SCRT（Secret Network）等，加密行业发展的十几年中，隐私板块一直都占有一席之地。
( R A* R. S3 |. V如果进一步将隐私赛道进行细分，可分为隐私计算网络、隐私交易协议、隐私应用、隐私币等四类。其中隐私币发展最早，隐私应用中的Tornado目前被采用较广，隐私交易协议和隐私计算网络目前最受关注。 3 {) D# Z# B+ s7 L2 Q
8 d- X7 Z6 T$ ~3 F本文篇幅有限，只从技术发展和演变的角度漫谈隐私交易相关的技术实现方案的发展情况。
6 I% H! h2 z: }9 I8 N加密货币发展至今，主要有以下四类实现隐私交易的技术方案： 9 P( O. a7 b. g) V( w* E1 v6 b
一、CoinJion
' b/ n7 O& ]0 {# n3 tCoinJoin：CoinJoin是一种混币机制，从不同的发送方那里获取代币，并将它们组合成一笔交易。第三方将代币打包发送给接收方。在用户端，每个接收方都会在一个从未使用过的地址中获得他/她的代币。以此来降低特定交易被追踪的可能性。 # j' `% c' [+ f( ]: X3 ?# q
DASH币是采用CoinJion技术实现隐私交易的典型案例。DASH币诞生于2014年，并非以隐私为唯一目的，而是将隐私交易作为提供给用户的一种选择，用户可以选择采用PrivateSend功能来进行隐私交易，也可以选择正常交易。 2 ]: z7 W/ s8 { Z
在机制方面，DASH网络通过更高的奖励收益，鼓励矿工充当主节点，每个主节点矿工都有1000个DASH币作为缓冲资金。每个发起交易的用户都可以使用这些缓冲资金，从而达到“混币”的效果。由于混币的存在，交易信息被打乱，难以追踪，从而达到隐私保护的效果。 % }; q: _) S9 t& t4 A+ g
二、隐匿地址+环签名 3 w: Q+ J8 I4 q9 ?' L) p" l
隐匿地址：创建隐匿地址意味着每次接收加密货币时都会创建一个新地址。它确保外部各方无法将支付的地址与永久钱包地址联系起来。
" W- g: b+ L9 p# u/ |) ?, D3 }2 ^ v环签名：区块链交易需要数字签名来验证签名人是发送方，因为每个用户的签名都是唯一的，所以当用户签名时就不难追溯到与签名人所进行的交易。环签名策略是将签名与其他环成员的签名结合在一起：环成员签名的数量越多，直接将签名人与其交易联系起来就越困难。
6 V# r! v6 l" q/ ]门罗币XMR是采用隐匿地址+环签名的组合模式实现隐私保护。门罗币并非选择性隐私，而是完全隐私。门罗币为每个钱包所有者提供一个新的私有视图密钥、收件人地址和一个私有消费密钥。而且XMR挖矿用一般电脑CPU即可完成，不需要专业矿机，这一定程度上让XMR更加去中心化。 ( ^2 b/ |3 h- D: A2 U5 X" k5 y
门罗币为了进一步提高隐私保护的有效性，发展过程中还进行了多次技术升级。为了将交易金额隐藏，RING-CT（环机密交易工具）应运而生；使用了RING-CT后，门罗区块链的隐私性能获得提高，但可扩展性方面有所牺牲，故而在后来又引入了Bulletproofs这种零知识证明协议，它提高了XMR的交易规模、减少了80%的验证时间。
, D/ }/ d' d! } A+ l( K三、Mimblewimble * ^+ C/ ~1 S. s- y2 O9 t7 E
Mimblewimble这个词来源于《哈利波特》中的咒语“混淆咒”，主要有Grin和Beam两个项目使用了这个隐私协议。Mimblewimble所用技术包括了Confidential |
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